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:''This article concerns Standard Chinese. For the grammars of other forms of Chinese, see their respective articles via links on Chinese language and varieties of Chinese.'' The grammar of Standard Chinese shares many features with other varieties of Chinese. The language almost entirely lacks inflection, so that words typically have only one grammatical form. Categories such as number (singular or plural) and verb tense are frequently not expressed by any grammatical means, although there are several particles that serve to express verbal aspect, and to some extent mood. The basic word order is subject–verb–object (SVO). Otherwise, Chinese is chiefly a head-last language, meaning that modifiers precede the words they modify – in a noun phrase, for example, the head noun comes last, and all modifiers, including relative clauses, come in front of it. (This phenomenon is more typically found in SOV languages like Turkish and Japanese.) Chinese frequently uses serial verb constructions, which involve two or more verbs or verb phrases in sequence. Chinese prepositions behave similarly to serialized verbs in some respects (several of the common prepositions can also be used as full verbs), and they are often referred to as coverbs. There are also location markers, placed after a noun, and hence often called postpositions; these are often used in combination with a coverb. Predicate adjectives are normally used without a copular verb ("to be"), and can thus be regarded as a type of verb. As in many east Asian languages, classifiers or measure words are required when using numerals (and sometimes other words such as demonstratives) with nouns. There are many different classifiers in the language, and each countable noun generally has a particular classifier associated with it. Informally, however, it is often acceptable to use the general classifier 个 () ''ge'' in place of other specific classifiers. Examples given in this article use simplified Chinese characters (with the traditional characters following in brackets if they differ) and standard pinyin Romanization. ==Word formation== In Chinese, the concept of words and the boundaries between them is not always transparent,〔The first Chinese scholar to consider the concept of a word (词 () ''cí'') as opposed to the character (字 ''zì'') is claimed to have been Shizhao Zhang in 1907. However, defining the word has proved difficult, and some linguists consider that the concept is not applicable to Chinese at all. See San Duanmu, ''The Phonology of Standard Chinese'', OUP 2000.〕 and the Chinese script does not use spaces between words. Grammatically, some strings of characters behave as single words in some contexts, but are separable in others. Many English intransitive verbs are translated by verb+noun compounds, such as 跳舞 ''tiàowǔ'' ("to dance", literally "to jump a dance"); such items may be regarded as single lexical words, although the two parts can become separated by (for example) aspect markers, and in fact they generally behave grammatically as a verb plus an object. Sometimes the behavior of such compounds is anomalous, however; for instance 关心 () ''guānxīn'' ("to be concerned about") behaves as an inseparable word when the perfective particle ''le'' is attached, although it is separable in the phrase 关什么心 () ''guān shénme xīn'' ("to be concerned about what"). Chinese morphemes (minimum units of meaning) are mostly monosyllabic. Syllables (and thus morphemes in most cases) are represented as a rule by single characters. Some words consist of single syllables, but many words are formed by compounding two (or sometimes more) monosyllabic morphemes (which may be either free or bound – that is, they may or may not also be able to stand independently). Most two-syllable compound nouns have the head on the right, while in compound verbs the head is usually on the left. There are also some words (including many phonetic loans from other languages) that cannot be broken down into separate morphemes, although they are generally written with characters that otherwise represent particular morphemes (homophonic with the respective syllables of the word in question). Many monosyllabic words have alternative disyllabic forms with virtually the same meaning, such as 大蒜 ''dàsuàn'' ("garlic", literally "big garlic") for 蒜 ''suàn'' ("garlic"). Many disyllabic nouns are produced by adding the suffix 子 ''zi'' (original meaning: "child") to a monosyllabic word or morpheme. There is a strong tendency for monosyllables to be avoided in certain positions (for example, a disyllabic verb will not normally be followed by a monosyllabic object) – this may be connected with the preferred metrical structure of the language. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese grammar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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